Middle English Period (1066-1500)
The Middle English Period spans from 1066 to 1500 and is divided into the Anglo-Norman Period, the Age of Chaucer, and the Age of Revival. This period saw a transition from Old English to Middle English, influenced by the Norman Conquest, which introduced Norman French elements into the language and culture. This period is marked by a variety of genres and significant developments in English literature.
Genres:
Allegory, Narrative Poetry, Romance, Religious Prose, Drama, Fables.
Examples:
1. Allegory: Piers Plowman
2. Narrative Poetry: The Canterbury Tales
3. Romance: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
4. Religious Drama: The Second Shepherd's Play.
5. Fables: Short stories with moral lessons.
6. Religious Prose: Ancrene Wisse
Detailed Overview
1. Allegory:
Example: Piers Plowman
Author: William Langland
Description: An allegorical narrative poem that explores themes of religion, morality, and social justice through a series of dream visions. Will, a humble plowman, embarks on a quest for a true Christian life. Through his dreams, he encounters various allegorical figures, such as Conscience, Reason, and Lady Holy Church, who guide and challenge him. The poem critiques the corruption within the Church and society, emphasizing the need for genuine repentance and the pursuit of truth.
2. Narrative Poetry:
Example: The Canterbury Tales
Author: Geoffrey Chaucer
Description: A collection of 24 stories told by a diverse group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. The tales range from chivalric romances and fabliaux to moral allegories and saints' lives, offering a panoramic view of 14th-century English society. Each pilgrim's tale reflects their social status and personal character, showcasing Chaucer's skill in character portrayal and social commentary.
3. Romance:
Example: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Author: Anonymous (Gawain poet)
Description: A chivalric romance that recounts the adventures of Sir Gawain, one of King Arthur's knights. The story begins with the appearance of the mysterious Green Knight at Arthur's court, who challenges Gawain to a beheading game. The narrative explores themes of honor, bravery, and the moral complexities of chivalric life. Gawain's journey is both physical and spiritual, as he confronts tests of character and integrity.
4. Religious Drama:
Example: The Second Shepherd's Play
Author: Anonymous (Wakefield Master)
Description: A mystery play that blends a biblical story with everyday life, focusing on the shepherds' visit to the newborn Jesus with a humorous subplot involving a sheep-stealing thief named Mak. The play is notable for its blend of humor and piety, depicting the shepherds' hardships and their ultimate joy in witnessing the Nativity.
5. Fables:
Example: Short stories with moral lessons
Author: Various authors
Description: Simple stories that convey ethical teachings, often featuring animals as characters to illustrate moral points. One example from this period is the collection of fables attributed to Aesop, which were translated and adapted into Middle English.
6. Religious Prose:
Example: Ancrene Wisse (or Ancrene Riwle)
Author: Anonymous
Description: This prose work is a guide for anchoresses (female hermits) on how to live a devout and contemplative life. It covers aspects of spiritual practice, daily conduct, and moral instruction. "Ancrene Wisse" reflects the period's emphasis on religious devotion and the importance of spiritual guidance for those leading a reclusive life.
Conclusion:
The Middle English Period is characterized by a rich diversity of literary forms, reflecting the dynamic cultural and linguistic changes of the time. From allegories that delve into deep moral questions to vibrant narrative poetry and religious dramas, this period laid the groundwork for the future of English literature.
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